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Imagine the birth of a human as of today. And now imagine the birth of a human in future, the parents have the technology to decide what type of kid they want, by this I mean they can not only decide the sex of the child but its color, features, looks, personality, intelligence etc. and add to this the feature to know how it looks like at any age even before he is born, well what do we call this Human customization or Human programming; women won’t have to be pregnant, her role is taken over by an artificial womb, “The Human Generator”, Its input would be the genetic information from the parents, It would then synthesize the required genetic materials according to their preferences and transfer them to cultured cells from the parents, these modified cells would then grow inside this generator throughout its gestation period. Time could be near when all the reproductive functions of humans would be taken over by such machines. Well this could be fiction to you but this is fast becoming reality. Already Human nerves are interfaced with compact computers to provide basic movement for severely paralyzed patients Artificial limbs which actually respond to direct nerve impulses and send tactile feedback to the wearer are being developed with startling speed and success rate. Plans have already been drawn for a full exoskeleton for the severely handicapped. Electrodes are implanted inside peoples Brain for them to see. Infact as back as the 1960′s prosthetic eyes for the blind were being developed under Giles. S.Brindley of the University of Cambridge who was directly able to stimulate the cerebral cortex with electrodes resulting in the test participants to be able to see phospherens arranged in different patterns and visualize letters formed with the phospherens .Now the developments are at a stage where a 100 by 100 image can be easily be formed inside the visual cortex of the brain.

Another new area of research is the neural interfacing of the brain itself. Imagine the prospects of interfacing the brain. It would not only enhance memory retention but would also be able to up load our personality to a machine based system where we could have an independent existence of our own. In short we are just a collection of events that occurred in our lives, to an extent as far as our memories can stretch this collection of events together constitute the person called “ME” or consciousness of the self. The central idea is to get all this information from our organic brain and transfer to a Computer based system so that when our bodies fail the required information can then be transferred to another body when found. We are at this point very far from this technology, but as else, work is underway. Research by Masahiro Kahata suggests computers can be controlled directly by the EEG patterns. This can be an indirect method, but how about something direct. In the August 26th 1995 Issue of Science News an article “A Silicon Chip with a lot of nerve ” reports the works of Petre Fromherz and Alfred Stett at the Max Plank Institute of Biochemistry in Munich that they have succeeded in making a silicon chip that can directly stimulate a single nerve cell without damaging the cell. By propagating a voltage pulse from a tiny spot on the cell membrane a unidirectional impulse can be triggered. Information flow on the reverse direction can be accomplished using a “neuron transistor” which receive ionic nerve impulses and transform them into electrical impulses on the silicon chip. Though a lot more is to be done as this was only carried out using leech nerves. So even if this feat is accomplished what next? Well the next wave of technology would take us to such levels such that no messy and inefficient cybernetic modifications or interfacing will be necessary. It would be possible for genetic designers to create artificial genetic materials and make genetic structures containing traits, abilities, morphologies and sensory apparatus that do not exist in nature, the biological equivalents of micro computerized instrumentation. Micro detection systems and sensory devices of every imaginable kind and sophistication will be designed and laid directly into the basic organic structure of the life form. It will be direct integral and quite natural on its own specialized terms.

In the next step towards future Bioengineering will enter every aspect of life. An organic residue or vital element may be found in every corner, appliance, tool or durable. The Incredible tolerances and musculatures in the bodies of insects may drive the engines of industry. Houses and buildings and cities powered by photosynthesis. Common tools and vehicle shells made of chitins and insectvorid armors grown to order. Bioluminescent lighting and video screens. Domestic Electricity from Chemosynthesis. Custom body sculpting in the sublime and grotesque MEME addictions and brainsex and mindnets. The limits are only imagination. Convergence of life and Machine sciences can have only one ultimate result, the organism and mechanism having become joined in the achievements of the twenty-first century. Evolution is in a complex and multifaceted process of manipulation between humans and their machines and the new genetic based power of creation. It will be only a matter of time before humanity will begin evolving in a biomechanical direction away from the purely organic and carbonaceous form. Humanity will probably have no choice on a variety of different levels but biologically the cumulative effects are ambiguous, but potentially colossal. For scientific knowledge is in a state of perpetual convergence.

All matter and energy is related and interacts according to the same fundamental laws. From the study of heliodynamics to the investigation of the very structure of reality beneath the level of the quark, there are operative forces and entropy that govern everything. Biology is Chemistry is Molecular Science is Atomic Physics is Celestial Mechanics. All barriers of understanding are ephemeral, requiring only sufficient time and ingenuity and perhaps faith to penetrate them. Human senses have expanded across the entire spectrum of light and radiation. Human perception encompasses macroscopic space. The possible mutability of time and the theoretical basic of conditions that created our universe are seriously debated. We have even divined the common genetic heritage of this planet’s animate life and proven our own relationship to it. The parochialism and the dogma that has molded our thoughts and civilizations have become frighteningly obsolete. Extraneous and absurd ideas continually transmute into physical reality. As reality and inner space converge, reflecting the increasingly mercurial state of existence that we inhabit, a very fundamental convergence on another levels is at work.

Weisman et. al. (2002) wanted to discover whether their treatment was effective against the disorder and, to determine if their treatment would the likelihood of relapse. Weisman et. al. (2002) hypothesized that therapists rated as less competent or adherent to the treatment protocol will have more patients relapsing within one year of entering the treatment then more competent and/or adherent therapists. They also hypothesized, that when patients did relapse, therapists greater in competence and adherence would have patients who stayed well longer had less inpatient hospitalizations.

The researchers first studied the research of those recently before them, and create an effective way to completely cure bipolar disorder, by getting rid of any relapses the patients might go through. A plan was then created using the findings from their research. The researchers found and recruited participants of another study designed to assess the efficacy of a psycoeducational intervention program used in conjunction with mood-stabilizing medications in the treatment of bipolar disorder. In their study, 13 clinicians trained in FFT, provided the treatment. Participants who met the criteria included 26 families with a family member with bipolar disorder. Sixty six percent of the families had one relative in the program, and 34% had two or more relatives participating. Their ages ranged from 18-46 (average age is about 27 years old), they had an average education level of 2 years after high school, and 64% of the patients live with their family. Sixty five percent of the participants were Caucasian, 27% were African American, and 8% were Asian American. The family members who participated included 12 mothers, 13 fathers, 5 spouses, one cousin, one grandmother, and one aunt. No names are mentioned in the article as who participated, or as to what sex, individual ages, marital status, or socio-economic status the respondents were. I do believe this took place in the continental US. From what is given in the article, I do believe that the participants are representative of the population in general.

Weisman et. al. (2002) found an uncommon result. There was no evidence of any significant connections between therapist competence/adherence and patient outcome. Clinical trial required strict training before operating FFT, therefore creating this mysterious finding. The therapists further found that good problem-solving ability is an asset in any type of treatment. According to the authors discussion, they found how it is possible that good problem solving teams are better at diagnosis and prescribing treatment for bipolar disorder as well as other disorders and psychological illnesses. The researchers discovered that greater cooperation by therapists might be associated with prolonging the time before the patients’ experience a relapse. The authors concluded that the combination of this treatment with medications may seem beneficial to delay the relapses some feel, but the mechanisms that base the treatment may have little to nothing to do with the specific contents of FFT. They also concluded it is not too important for a therapist to have competence and adherence for the results of the treatment. I could not, in the article, find any limitations to the study. It was everyday people with a variety of races, ages, and personal health.

The importance of the study was the fact that most everyone with bipolar disorder don’t have enough treatment, and when it goes into remission, it usually comes back- sometimes multiple times. It was detailed to be a breakthrough treatment. I think that this is very new and different from the treatments of the past, and being a person effected and formerly treated for this disorder, I would try to get a treatment like this. It seems to be a good way to cure bipolar disorder, as well as eliminate and repress remissions. I do believe this can really be efficient and sturdy to completely cure this disorder. The doctors before these should and probably will learn from them, as these therapists had studied and articulated previous works. It would help along the wave of discovery and studies to create bigger and better ideas that could revolutionize the science. It is practical in the way that they used “normal” persons with customary lives. They just have personal problems that can be somewhat easily resolved using a variety of procedures. Again, I didn’t find any implications of any kind of limitations to the study. To complete the analysis, I conclude that there are many people working to help people who need it. Hopefully these therapists are competent, but this is only one of many studies. Who is to say how accurate the studies and details are and should be.

One of the primary concerns of implementation of the HGP is privacy of a persons genetic make-up. Currently, there is no legislation related to genetic discrimination in any facet of daily life. This is seen as a major problem. Many people feel that if their genetic code shows signs of future illness and disease, insurance companies may abuse that information and deny coverage of certain persons. This also can cause problems within a persons workplace. A job oppurtunity could be denied if a persons genetic code showed signs of future health problems that could result in early retirement, or resignation. So who should be allowed to view a person’s genetic breakdown? Many people fear that even if genetic code is kept as disclosed information, the remote chance of it being leaked is a major fear, and rightfully so. Another problem that arises with this relates to the person whom the code belongs to. If you recieved information regarding what potentially could be a fatal medical problem in the future, how will that mentally affect the individual, their family, and their work?

All science will inevitably show signs of uncertainity. Science is an ever-changing field, where new information demands reform to old fact. Another problem that is raised by HGP is its uncertainity. While 13 years of study has provided an immense amount of new information, inaccuracy when relaying the information could be fatal. False understanding of a persons genetic code could cause trauma for both the person and their entire family. If someone was told they have a genetic disorder that will be passed down to their child, the issues the soon to be parents will face would be nerve racking. Should they have the child, knowning that it will be born with the preemptive signs of the disorder? This morally causes a major dilemma with religion as well. Many would claim that this pre-determination of a child’s health would be playing God, and any alteration to avoid that would be sacreligous. However, what if the genetic testing performed on the mother proved to be inaccurate? Then a women must live with the fact that she never had a child, in sheer fear of an inaccurate examination. Currently their are over 900 genetic tests that can be used to test for many common and rare diseases and disorders. Some of these include sickle cell, alzheimer’s, cystic fibrosis, and huntington’s disease.

While it is easy to see the negative in the HGP, there are many positives that are often overlooked. One of these relates heavily to agriculture. As we expand the genome project to crops and livestock, we will be able to produce a more nutritous, cost effective, and environmental safer way of farming. In fact, within the past few years, many farmers have begun to use seeds that have been engineered to be drought resistant, and require very little pesticide. We also have created engineered tobacco plants that can not only grow more effectively, but also help clean polluted soil. This process, when naturally done, takes centuries – with the HGP, it happens every season.

Further positive implementation of the HGP also can been in today’s judicial system. Using DNA forensics, we can use evidence left at crime scenes, to officially establish proof of a criminals exsistance at that location. Applied even further, many people feel that the death penalty kills innocent people. With the help of DNA forensics provided by the fundamental knowledge from the HGP, we can be more accurate than ever about a specific case, and make more accurate decisions about sentencing. This can also be used as an aid towards crime and accident victims. With DNA forensics we can identify people whom may have been so injured, that we could no even confirm it was really them. This, while it seems minor, can provide a lot of mental relief to families of victims whom have past away.

A third postive factor of the HGP is the future of medicine. By using the mapped genome, we can better target our studies, and steer them in a more productive manner than ever before. Today in medicine, one of the most prominent issues of curing a disease is first locating it. With the genome, we can trace the gene with the disease and locate where it is affecting the body and how. This could mean future cures for cancer, AID’s/HIV and other STD’s. Pharmacies could also eventually create custom drugs, that would provide cures that would be designed for a single individual, making recovery or curing much faster.

The human genome project has many moral and ethical issues that everyone on earth will inevitably have to face. The true question is wether or not the positives outweigh the negatives, and wether the HGP will be a good change or bad. In the medical world, the HGP can create new jobs, as well as many cures for diseases we are stumped by. However, the HGP could cause several issues in regards to our privacy, and may even question their basis of our democratic government. The future will hold the answers, and I believe mankind will make the right decisions.

The light jacket she wears over her outfit is also seems to be very typical item of clothing in Spain. The pillows and the bed sheets are painted with delicate soft strokes and include great detail of patterns and textures. The colors in the “Clothed Maja” are warmer and heavy while the colors in the “Naked Maja” are more mellow and gray. In the “Clothed Maja”, Goya emphasizes the Duchess body and clothes, while in the “Naked Maja” Goya emphasizes the sheets, the day bed, and the background, by contrasting the pale dainty skin to the dark tones in the background. Many people believed that Goya and the Duchess of Alba might have had a secret love affair. This paining is quite simple and portrays the body and delicate emotions of a luxurious noble woman.

Not only are genetically modified crops are better than conventional crops economically, but environmentally as well. GM crops improve soil conservation and decrease water pollution in our environment (Duskin). They also use less insecticides and herbicides which can also help the environment (Far less scary…). It has been proven in many tests that 37% of the biotech crops are insect resistant and 23% are herbicide resistant (Nap). Therefore, GM crops produce less soil waste and pollution. These new gene-spliced crops are environmentally safer than normal crops.

It has been proven in many studies that genetically modified foods are healthier for human beings. Since genetically engineered foods have been on the market for more than ten years, every single American has eaten a GM food at least once in their lifetime whether they knew it or not. As a matter of fact, almost every American eats genetically modified foods almost everyday (Grant). And no one sees or hears about Americans dying from the food they eat. In fact, these new gene-spliced products have vitamins and nutrients that are added into their genes. Such vitamins and nutrients are: vitamin A that is enriched in rice, oil that is good for the heart, iron that is enriched in wheat, and other such nutrients injected into the genetically modified crops. These biotech crops will increase nutrition and health in people with malnutrition (Pollack). Thus, decrease numbers in sicknesses and increase in health. Tests have proven that biotech foods are healthier than conventional crops.

Genetically modified foods are in fact, still very new and young. Because this technology is so new, people are so skeptical and scared of it. It is like John Cage said: I can’t understand why people are frightened by new ideas such as biotechnology. I’m frightened of old ones such as conventional crops that lack the economic stability, the environmental safety, and the nutrients which genetically modified foods have. Consequently, the European Union should discontinue the moratorium and open all their markets to genetically modified foods.

When I first came here, I was impressed by the quantity of ethnicities living in this city. I had never seen so many different cultures working all together. My mother told me certain things about the population but I never thought there was more than twenty different cultures. I started to understand why so many people move to Los Angeles. It is a city where people can achieve their goals, improve their economic situation, to raise their kids, to work hard and save money for their families and to fulfill their yearning.

Los Angeles is an enormous city in comparison to the city where I grew up. Where I grew up the place was very peaceful, there was no noise, no transit, and I used to feel very comfortable because of the environment. People is more social in my country, they try to help each other on what they can. An interesting fact about all the people coming here is that they become too individualist, they just worry about their own business. They just care for themselves and not for others.

Sometimes I used to get mad at people at certain places because I look Hispanic, dark skin, black hair, dark eyes, and they thought I was Mexican ,from Salvador or some central American country. I used to tell them that I was from Costa Rica and that theres a big difference in cultures. But their face automatically changed as soon as I told them I was from Costa Rica. Some of them told that is a beautiful place, very clean, that we really know how to treat people, that our people is honest, descent, that theres no war. But I remembered sometimes if they knew you were from another central american country or Mexico their reaction was very different. When I experienced that I thought and learn about the consequences you can face because of people like this. Generalizing is one of the worst errors that we can commit. I learned that people should always have respect toward others and not to judge because of what others of the same culture have done,. We are all different persons, we all think different, so there’s no reason why we should be comparing to other people. All human beings deserve respect and if we don’t feel that we are been respected, relations with other people will be frustrating.

Another interesting fact of my adaptation here was school. I’ve always been in private schools in Costa Rica because the education you get there is very high in comparison to the public ones, but when I came here I couldn’t afford one in here. As soon as I got here, two weeks later I was going to school. I enrolled at Warren High School, I was living there at the time. I just spent there about a month but I learned about American schools and their educational system, which is different from ours. I remember I had American friends in Costa Rica and they used to tell me that high school in here was very easy. The first thing I noticed was that classes. I was used to take up to seventeen different subjects every week. There were subjects that we took it just once a week, every class had a different schedule from every day. In Los Angeles you only take six periods a day, and the same classes every day for the whole semester. Another main difference was that schools in here have tracks, not all of them, but the ones in downtown do. In Costa Rica we used to go to school starting the second week of February with vacation of two weeks in July and until December the fifteen. It was almost the whole year at school so that is a good advantage in here. I also noticed that there are requirements as usual to graduate but there other classes that you’re not forced to take. In Costa Rica you have no options, you can’t decide, you have to take every single subject they give you, and I think the method they use in here is very efficient because there are times when you don’t want to take certain subjects, like Christian Education, music, and others. Another interesting fact I noticed is that in here you could be on a class with that is supposed to be for seniors, you could be with juniors and even sophomores, and that’s very interesting, is just different from my country. In Costa Rica the classes that are for seniors are only for seniors and nobody could attend that class. Students are not mixed. There are sections for each group of students. For example if there were two hundred senior students, they divided them into groups, like 12-1, 12-2, and so on so the whole section had the same schedule and it never change during the year. There’s no way you can drop a class, that doesn’t exist. In my school everything was in English so there’s no difference on that. Schools in my country are small, the most students they could have is up to two thousand.

When I was attending high school I didn’t know about people, I thought they were just regular students just like in my country but they turned out to be really different. They were very individualist too, and you don’t really get to know your classmates. I didn’t know anything about gangs, we don’t have such a thing in my country. I had some confrontations with them because I was a new student, and sometimes I was shy, I didn’t talk much with people. I learned about the schools, I learned about their system, the education, about students, I learned that you have careful with people like this and that is possible to deal with everyone, you just have to learn how, find the way and interact with them as much as you can.

The liberal reformers struggled to free the individual. They wanted “laissez- fair” meaning ‘allow to do’. They urged the state should cease interfering in economic affairs. Liberals also wanted an end of the alliance of the throne and altar. As well as freedom of thought and expression. In many countries liberals regarded the Catholic Church with acute distrust.

Democracy resembled liberalism; However Democrats were more devoted to the ideal of equality of political and civil rights. Democrats believed that the power lay not in constitutional systems or in the representative parliamentary assemblies, but in the general will of the whole people. Democracy, even more then liberalism, was a central cause of change and revolution in the century after 1815.

Socialism aimed to create a society, which has full equality and no poverty. The socialists aimed to socialize the means of production and exchange. Eg to transform the capalistic society into a collectivist or communist society and has for its methods the economic and political organization of the proletariat. The socialist party is of a class struggle and of revolution. Socialism did gain strong support such as in 1903 in Germany or in 1908 when the British labor decided to adopt socialism as a part of its platform. However still in the 21st century there is still poverty in the world, so one asks the question of how affective socialism was.

Anarchism is a radical socialist theory. They believed that all humans are essentially good. However their institutions cause them to behave badly. They assassinated many political leaders including the president of the U.S.A McKinley, because Anarchists didn’t believe in following the rules. In the end of there campaign they failed to make any gains politically.

Karl Marx was a radical philosopher who believed that he had discovered the economic laws which determines how human society operates. He published his novel in 1848. It talked about the creation of a new society based on state ownership of all resources. Marx died in 1883 however his observations were the basis of attempts to challenge the power structures in many countries.

Trade unions were set up by employees to support and protect each other and deal collectively with employees. Trade unions were formed by the response to industrialization, which produced poor working conditions and unequal balance of power. Trade unionists used strikes to get their message across to have 8-hour days and higher pay. However most of these strikes achieved nothing because so many people were jobless that if the workers went on strike they were fired and a new person was put there who accepted the low wages and terrible conditions.

Utopianism was another radical idea. The Australians tried to establish an Australian utopia in Paraguay based on communal ownership and communal saving of capital. However there plans didn’t go quite right, people rebelled against each other and people dropped out. And there were numerous disagreements between leaders about sticking to the plan and following the rules or not following the rules. This perfect society soon caved in on itself having achieved nothing.

In conclusion all these groups used different methods to get their point of view across. Sometimes these methods worked and are still in practice today. However most of these radical ideas fell through and didn’t make much of a change.

William Shakespeare, as a clever dramatist, knew that if a play is completely filled with melancholy events, the audience will easily lose interest. This fact was especially important during the Elizabethan times when the most frequent visitors of theatres were people of the lower society. These simple folks, who came to theatre to forget their every day’s ordeal, preferred comedy to tragedy. As a result of this, Shakespeare incorporates bits of humour in-between the most intense and gloomy scenes. The first comic episode in Hamlet is located in Act 2, Scene 2, where Prince Hamlet mocks the royal counsellor through riddles. Their conversation, starting with, “Do you know me my lord? / Excellent well. You are a fishmonger” (II.ii, 173-4), provides a short distraction after the earlier melancholy incident when Hamlet learns the painful truth regarding his father’s sudden death. Another excellent example of a passage that serves as a mental breather for the audience is the sex-related talk between Hamlet and Ophelia, who is his sweetheart, when the play “The Murder of Gonzago” is about to begin. At one point, when the time has come for the truth about the murder to be revealed, the audience is kept in great suspense. To break the tense air, Hamlet asks silly questions: “ Lady, shall I lie in your lap? /Do you think I meant country matters?” ( III.ii, 110,115). This comic conversation is followed by one of the most significant scenes of the play, where Claudius, the new king, shows his guilt in front of the entire royal court by panicking and running out. As a result of this, the suspenseful atmosphere returns as the audience anxiously awaits for the upcoming conflicts and the outcome of the play. Undoubtedly the most amusing part of the play is the intellectual debate between two gravediggers, who discuss legal and theological issues.

Their first humorous argument deals with Ophelia’s mysterious drowning:
Here lies the water-good. Here
stands the man-good. If the man go to this water
and drown himself, it is, will he nill he, he goes,
mark you that. But if the water come to him and
drown him, he drowns not himself. Argal, he that is
not guilty of his own death shortens not his own life (V.i, 15-20).

This debate provides the viewer with necessary comic relief, since it is inserted between scenes loaded with the shocking deaths of, the royal advisor Polonius and Ophelia and the hideous plans between Claudius and Laertes, both of which lead to the largest tragedy of the play. By inserting these humorous scenes, William Shakespeare retains the viewers’ continual interest.

Another significant role of comedy in Shakespeare’s tragedy is to subdue. The use of humour allows Hamlet, to directly and truthfully tell another person what he thinks of him without causing a notable conflict. Hamlet’s intelligence and wittiness surpasses the level of his acquaintances, thus the true meaning of his remarks pass by them unnoticed. A worthy example of this is found at the beginning of the play. During a Royal assembly, King Claudius and his wife, Gertrude, openly criticize Hamlet for his inappropriately long mourning after his father. When Claudius calls Hamlet his “cousin and son”, Hamlet swiftly replies, “A little more than kin, less than kind. /my lord, I am too much in the sun” (I. ii, 65,67). Behind these riddles are hidden Hamlet’s feelings for Claudius – he dislikes him. Hamlet does not approve of Claudius’ actions of marring his brother’s wife just a few weeks after his brother’s funeral. In addition, Claudius tries too hard to act like a loving father and fails, for Hamlet does not want to replace the one he has lost by a fraud named Claudius. Another case when Hamlet uses his humour and wit to express his empathy is in Act 2, Scene 2, where the trusted advisor, Polonius takes on the task of unfolding the truth regarding Hamlet’s strange behaviour. Polonius starts a conversation with Hamlet, who quickly realizes the true purpose of it and calls Polonius a “fishmonger” ( II,ii. 134). By calling him a “fishmonger”, he accuses Polonius of using his daughter, Ophelia, as bait to lure Hamlet in revealing if his strange ways are caused by his unfulfilled love for Ophelia. In each of these examples, the audience recognizes Hamlet’s humour, even thought the characters may not. Therefore, his use of humour is effective in gaining the audience’s acceptance for this, sometimes nasty remarks.

The third important role that comedy plays in the tragedy of Hamlet, is character exposure. Comic episodes often allow the audience to have a closer look at the personality of the speaker who unintentionally creates comedy by using an unusual way of verbal expression. The first character, whose essential personality traits are unfolded through comedy, is Polonius. Polonius’ meddlesome character becomes apparent in the scene, when Polonius instructs a spy named Reynaldo, how to secretively inquire about his son Leartes, who is in Paris. Polonius demands of Reynaldo to regularly report all his son’s activities, no matter how intimate they are, “Ay, or drinking, fencing, swearing, /Quarrelling, drabbing- you may go so far.”(II.i, 25-26). This demonstrates that Polonius is a distrusting and controlling man – he spies even on his own children, believing that if they are given their freedom, they will prove to be corrupt. Another humorous situation, that reveals Polonius’ personality, is his discussion with the King and Queen regarding the “true cause” of Hamlet’s mad behaviour. In exceedingly long speeches, Polonius informs the majesties about Hamlet’s relationship with his daughter Ophelia. Through these speeches Polonius proves to be a very long-winded man, who likes to show his extensive knowledge of all subjects. He cares a great deal about his spotless reputations and won’t allow anyone, including his daughter, to blacken it.

Clear evidence of this is his remark to the royal couple,
But what might you think,
When I had see this hot love on the wing-
As I perceiv’d it, I must tell you that,
Before my daughter told me- what might you
Or my dear Majesty your queen think,
If I had play’d the desk or table-book,…(II.ii,131-6 ).

These are just some examples of Polonius’ numerous speeches in which he demonstrates his self-absorbed nature. Another character whose personality is exposed through comedy is Osiric, a young courtier, who carries Claudius’ message to Hamlet, proposing the duel between Laertes and Hamlet. Although Osiris is a minor character, who appears only in the concluding scenes of the play, his exaggerated, amusing speeches provide a good insight into his character. When Osiric enters the play for the first time, as a carrier of Claudius’ serious message to Hamlet, Hamlet teases him by starting a conversation about the weather conditions and whether it is needed to wear a hat inside or not. Instead of expressing his own opinion, Osiric agrees to whatever Hamlet says, no matter how ridiculous it may sound. This proves that Osiric is self-centred man, who does everything to please his masters, in order to enhance his own reputation and position on the court of Denmark. There is further evidence displaying Osiric’s flattery:

Sir, here is newly come to court Laertes – believe
me, an absolute gentleman, full of excellent
difference, of very soft society and great showing.
Indeed, to speak feelingly of this, he is the card or
calendar of gentry (V.ii, 106-108).

Osiric noticed that King Claudius is a good ally to Laertes so he uses his outwardly verbose to appraise Laertes excellent qualities and flatter the king.

Despite the fact that Hamlet is a tragic play, William Shakespeare allows comic elements to play a role in this drama as well. The comedy in Hamlet not only serves as a mental breather for the viewers, but also exposes the personality traits of some characters and allows Prince Hamlet to ridicule particular people in their presence. Overall, Hamlet is another of Shakespeare’s excellent works, which’s exceptional characters and events capture the hearts of viewers across the whole world.

Supporters of euthanasia have purposely provoked terminological confusion by various statements that it is necessary to understand as this term. In this item we should consider all sides of a euthanasia problem.
The essence euthanasia was known for a long time from the extreme antiquity. So in Sparta killed the babies which were born weak or sick. Some primitive tribes had custom to kill or leave the old men becoming a burden for family.

And in XX century the concept “euthanasia” has come to life. It has taken place because opportunities of medicine began much more. Earlier if the person who had insult or heart attack immediately died. So now the medicine can rescue him, moreover, it can take out the person from a coma or even clinical death. It can happen when the patient is sick of heavy illness and it is considered doomed on death or on long tortures. Further, if the patient asks for euthanasia and it is legalized then him destroy. What we have the right, return the person to a life, and then take and destroy him? It is absurd situation.

Now we shall consider two cases: when the patient is in consciousness and wants to die himself and when he is in unconsciousness during many years.

The example of the first case has taken place in the USA in the middle 60’s. At the father of one American woman Trjus Postma began senile dementia. From the wise and friendly person he has turned to the grumbler, another’s for the family and for himself. He named the daughter “madam”, the son-in-law called “driver”. After a haemorrhage in a brain, was found out the phenomena of a partial paralysis at him.
During this period Trjus’ mother began to reflect on senseless cruelty of the similar end. After death of the husband she has asked the daughter and the son-in-law: «Both of you doctors. If something in this sort will take place with me, promise me that will relieve me of such tortures». Trjus with the husband have promised to her, though as the daughter later has admitted, hardly then understood sense promised.

In 1971 Trjus’ mother had a heavy insult that paralysis one side of body and defeat of speech. She devoutly struggled for again to become independent, but the second haemorrhage in a brain has for ever confined her to bed. «We often came to see her, and forces were not to look at this once strong woman adhered by belts to an armchair – wheelchair or laying on a bed with high sides». – recollects Trjus.

In spite of the fact that she was hardly possible manage something, she said one phrase very clearly: «You promised me!». But Тrjus with the husband were not ready to do it. Once have called from a board to them and informed that mother has fallen from a bed. Having come tearing along on a bell, Тrjus has asked mother; «How it can happened?» «I wanted to leave a life, you know.»- She has distinctly said. Having realized, that mother wanted to kill herself, Trjus has understood, how her sufferings were great and has decided to help mother to get rid from them. «We came to her in the afternoon. I have taken her hands and have said: now it will be better for you, mum. And then has entered morphine»… It was the first case when she has applied euthanasia. As the doctor, she was possible to enter the patient anesthetizing and narcotics to moderate their sufferings. But never in a life had she ventured to apply «easy death».

This example speaks about necessity of euthanasia. But I consider that in this case it impossible to apply euthanasia. Trjus’ mother could appear a mental phenomenon because of intolerable sufferings. And whether doctors can diagnose about that, what is it actually? No, they cannot make it. Whether there is any guarantee of that the woman could not recover? No, we have not such guarantee. We shall note that procedure of decision-making on application of «simplification of sufferings» not always assumes desire of the patient. I mean Holland and Australia, where euthanasia is legalized.

Now let’s pass to more difficult case. For example, the person lays without consciousness during many years. His life is supported with the help of artificial bodies. During many years of him contain, waste time also means, and he lays and does not come to the senses.

But even to such people it is impossible to apply euthanasia because he is alive person and he at all has not given the consent on euthanasia. If society has agreed to contain this person in such conditions what for to jump to conclusions what he will not recover any more? I consider, that it is necessary prolonging his life, in spite of how much years he would be in such status.

Surely, to kill them more easier, than to support a life of such people. In fact at first sight they do not represent any value for a society. But, it not so! These people cannot be named «alive corpses» as them the some people name. At these people the form of a life. The life is given to the person by the God. The church considers euthanasia as murder and illegal. The church feels that life should be preserved and that taking one’s own life is considered suicide and punishable by God. We have no right somehow to take away a life from the person. Our responsibility – will support a life. Probably, some readers will not agree with me. Then present that your liked person is in coma. You cannot even talk to him. Will you apply euthanasia to him? No. I am against euthanasia. For a life of each patient it is necessary to struggle up to the end, even if a case hopeless. If suddenly something happen that change something and the patient will survive? Suddenly the person will be recovered. The person never should lose hope. Such cases when the person recovers are not individual. Mistakes in diagnostics too are not individual. Euthanasia affects not only the person, who dies, but other family, friends and those doctors or individuals who help make that decision. Therefore euthanasia in Ukraine it is forbidden not only the law, but also rules of medical ethics, and she should be forbidden everywhere.